The process by which information from the environment is received and interpreted. This includes recognizing patterns, faces, and nuances in language or music.

The ability to store and retrieve information over time. This involves both short-term (working) memory and long-term memory.

The capacity to come up with novel and useful ideas or solutions to problems. It's related to, but not the same as, intelligence.

The capacity to solve problems using logic. This can be deductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn from given information, or inductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn from observations.