The process by which information from the environment is received and interpreted. This includes recognizing patterns, faces, and nuances in language or music.

The ability to store and retrieve information over time. This involves both short-term (working) memory and long-term memory.

The ability to identify a problem and find a solution, which might involve creativity, critical thinking, and the application of knowledge.

The capacity to solve problems using logic. This can be deductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn from given information, or inductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn from observations.