The process by which information from the environment is received and interpreted. This includes recognizing patterns, faces, and nuances in language or music.

The ability to acquire new knowledge and skills and apply them in various contexts. It also refers to the capacity to change one's behavior based on experience.

The ability to store and retrieve information over time. This involves both short-term (working) memory and long-term memory.

The capacity to solve problems using logic. This can be deductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn from given information, or inductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn from observations.