👂 🎴 🕸️
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class
=
„
fragment
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>
A
synchronic
approach
(
from
Ancient
Greek
:
συν
-
„
together
“
and
χρόνος
„
time
“
)
considers
a
language
at
a
moment
in
time
without
taking
its
history
into
account
.
Synchronic
linguistics
aims
at
describing
a
language
at
a
specific
point
of
time
''
often
the
present
.
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><
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class
=
„
fragment
“
>
A
diachronic
(
from
δια
-
„
through
“
and
χρόνος
„
time
“
)
approach
''
as
in
historical
linguistics
''
considers
the
development
and
evolution
of
a
language
through
history
.
p
>
Langue
(
„
language
“
):
<
br
/><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
abstract
''
systematic
rules
and
conventions
of
a
signifying
system
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
independent
of
the
individual
user
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
involves
the
principles
of
language
''
without
which
no
meaningful
utterance
''
or
parole
''
would
be
possible
p
>
Parole
(
„
speech
“
):<
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class
=
„
fragment
“
>
concrete
instances
of
the
use
of
langue
p
><
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class
=
„
fragment
“
>
basic
unit
of
speech
:
„
utterance
“
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
Question
:
what
are
conditons
sine
qua
non
of
utterance
of
an
utterance
?
p
>
Signifier
:
<
br
/><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
directly
perceptible
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
material
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
form
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
term
p
>
Signified
:<
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
abstract
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
needs
to
be
„
activated
“
by
the
signifier
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
idea
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
concept
p
>
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