👂🎴 🕸️
One
of
the
most
fundamental
dichotomy
in
linguistics
is
the
phone
/
phoneme
dichotomy
:
<
br
/><
p
class
=
fragment
>
a
phone
is
any
distinct
speech
sound
regardless
of
whether
the
exact
sound
is
critical
to
the
meanings
of
words
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
>
a
phoneme
is
a
speech
sound
in
a
given
language
that
''
if
swapped
with
another
phoneme
''
could
change
one
word
to
another
p
>
Phones
are
absolute
and
are
not
specific
to
any
language
''
but
phonemes
can
be
discussed
only
in
reference
to
specific
languages
.
Minimal
pairs
are
pairs
of
words
or
phrases
in
a
particular
language
''
spoken
or
signed
''
that
differ
in
only
one
phonological
element
.<
br
><
br
><
table
class
=
wikitable
><
tbody
><
tr
><
th
>
word
1
th
><
th
>
word
2
th
><
th
>
IPA
1
th
><
th
>
IPA
2
th
><
th
>
note
th
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
pin
td
><
td
>
bin
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
pɪn
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
bɪn
/
span
>
td
><
td
rowspan
=
4
>
initial
consonant
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
rot
td
><
td
>
lot
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
rɒt
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
lɒt
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
thigh
td
><
td
>
thy
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
θaɪ
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
ðaɪ
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
seal
td
><
td
>
zeal
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
siːl
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
ziːl
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
bin
td
><
td
>
bean
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
bɪn
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
biːn
/
span
>
td
><
td
rowspan
=
3
>
vowel
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
pen
td
><
td
>
pan
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
pɛn
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
pæn
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
cook
td
><
td
>
kook
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
kʊk
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
kuːk
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
hat
td
><
td
>
had
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
hæt
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
hæd
/
span
>
td
><
td
rowspan
=
2
>
final
consonant
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
mean
td
><
td
>
meme
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
miːn
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
IPA
title
=
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
lang
=
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
>/
miːm
/
span
>
td
>
tr
>
tbody
>
table
>
Look
into
mirror
(
or
use
https
://
udk
.
ai
/
facemesh
/
)
and
...
<
br
/><
p
class
=
fragment
>
pronounce
continuous
AAAA
''
EEEE
''
IIII
and
OOOO
waves
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
>
put
a
finger
in
front
of
Your
lips
;
start
voicng
a
vowel
sound
;
while
doing
so
''
make
Your
lips
touch
Your
finger
;
what
do
You
notice
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
>
pronounce
PA
PA
PA
and
BA
BA
BA
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
>
pronounce
MA
MA
MA
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
>
pronounce
TA
TA
TA
and
DA
DA
DA
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
>
pronounce
NA
NA
NA
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
>
pronounce
FA
FA
FA
and
VA
VA
VA
p
>...
in
all
cases
''
try
to
answer
questions
:
what
is
similar
?
what
is
different
?
<
p
class
=
fragment
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
p
><
p
class
=
fragment
>
Speech
is
intention
-
encoding
sound
produced
by
human
vocal
tract
or
its
artificial
Ersatz
.
p
>
The
<
em
>
Sanscrit
em
>
language
''
whatever
be
its
antiquity
''
is
of
a
wonderful
structure
;
more
perfect
than
the
<
em
>
Greek
em
>''
more
copious
than
the
<
em
>
Latin
em
>''
and
more
exquisitely
refined
than
either
''
yet
bearing
to
both
of
them
a
stronger
affinity
''
both
in
the
roots
of
verbs
and
the
forms
of
grammar
''
than
could
possibly
have
been
produced
by
accident
;
so
strong
indeed
''
that
no
philologer
could
examine
them
all
three
''
without
believing
them
to
have
sprung
from
some
common
source
''
which
''
perhaps
''
no
longer
exists
;
there
is
a
similar
reason
''
though
not
quite
so
forcible
''
for
supposing
that
both
the
<
em
>
Gothic
em
>
and
the
<
em
>
Celtic
em
>''
though
blended
with
a
very
different
idiom
''
had
the
same
origin
with
the
<
em
>
Sanscrit
em
>;
and
the
old
<
em
>
Persian
em
>
might
be
added
to
the
same
family
.<
br
><
br
>(
Third
discourse
of
Wiliam
Jones
before
the
Asiatic
Society
''
1786
)
<
div
>
Pāṇini
(
Devanagari
:
पाणिनि
''
pronounced
[
paːɳɪnɪ
])
was
a
Sanskrit
philologist
''
grammarian
''
and
revered
scholar
in
ancient
India
variously
dated
between
the
6th
and
4th
century
BCE
.
Since
the
discovery
and
publication
of
his
work
Aṣṭādhyāyī
by
European
scholars
in
the
nineteenth
century
''
Pāṇini
has
been
considered
the
first
descriptive
linguist
''
and
even
labelled
as
the
father
of
linguistics
”.
<
br
>
div
><
div
><
br
>
div
><
div
>
Eat
this
:
पाणिनि
'
s
brain
encoded
Mind
whose
grammar
-
induction
faculties
preceded
faculties
of
all
other
minds
which
followed
in
upcoming
2500
years
.<
br
>
div
>
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