Romantic thinkers revived interest in dreams as gateways to the soul and creativity.

Inspired by positivist currents (e.g. psychophysics), some early psychologists (e.g., Maury) began recording dream content and sleep phenomena.

The boundary between pseudoscience and emerging science of psychology remained blurred.

Dreams were still largely anecdotal and lacked scientific methodology.

Adler's psychology differs from the Freudian standpoint, which bases a person's psychology on sex and libido. Instead, Adler's psychology focuses on the individual's evaluation of the world with special attention to societal factors. According to Adler, a person must confront three forces: the societal, the love-related, and the vocational.These confrontations shape the final nature of a personality. Adler based his theories on a person's pre-adulthood development, emphasizing factors such as unwanted children, physical deformities at birth, and birth order.

Analytical Psychology is Carl Jung’s system for understanding the human psyche through symbols and deep unconscious processes.

It distinguishes between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, the latter being shared across humanity.

Core concepts include Individuation, Projection, archetypes (Shadow, Anima/Animus, the Self), Psychological types (introvert/extrovert) and functions (sensation, intuition, thinking, feeling) and Synchronicity.

Analytical Psychology values dream interpretation, active imagination, and symbolic amplification as tools for self-realization.