In Montessori classrooms, children of different ages are often grouped together. This setting naturally facilitates peer learning, where older children can teach and model for younger ones, enhancing understanding and empathy. Montessori saw peer interactions as a key component of learning. In her view, children learn from each other in a collaborative, less competitive environment. This method encourages independence, responsibility, and social development.

In Vygotsky's view, peer learning is crucial. Peers can act as the more knowledgeable other within the Zone of Proximal Development, facilitating learning and skill development. He believed that interaction with peers leads to the internalization of knowledge.

The notion of "Zone of Proximal Development" refers to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a slightly more skilled partner.